#16 – The Indian Skipper – Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793)

By: Jatishwor Singh Irungbam

The Indian Skipper Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793), is a small Skipper (Hesperid) butterfly species found in South Asia and South-East Asia. In sunny days, the butterfly is found flying close to the ground and seen basking with the wings partly open; FW is partly closed and HW is held fully open. Its wings are close while resting and remain hanging on grass blades and the tips of the branches of herbs (Haribal, 1992). It has a swift, twisting but usually short flight.

The adults are about 20 – 27 mm in wingspan and are very similar to WSF of Caprona agama in being dark brown with numerous white spots. But Spialia galba is quite smaller with non-hyaline spots on both wings, the abdomen relatively longer than Caprona agama. The male lacks black hair pencils on the forelegs otherwise both sexes are similar (Ek-Ammuay, 2006).

Figure 1: Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) basking with open wings. Photo: Jatishwor Irungbam

In India, the butterfly is distributed throughout India to Arunachal and NE India (Evans, 1932; Varshney & Smetacek, 2015). Outside India, the butterfly is recorded in Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand (Smith, 1989; Ek-Ammuay, 2006; Kehimkar, 2016)

Taxonomic position:

Habitat & Habits:

The butterfly prefers grasslands and forest edges at altitudes up to 2,700 m (Kehimkar, 2016).

Food Plants:

The Indian skipper visits flowers, preferring those with small flowers such as Tridax procumbens and species of Dicplitera or Bidens. Larvae feed on Sida rhombifolia and Waltheria indica in Thailand (Ek-Ammuay, 2006).

Figure 2: Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) sitting on Tridax procumbens. Photo by: Jatishwor Irungbam. 

Sightings in Manipur:

The butterfly is very common and widespread in Manipur throughout the year. The butterfly was seen on the wings between February to November. The butterfly was sighted at Matai, Nongmaiching RF, Keibul Lamjao NP, Gwarok RF, Yaingangpokpi Lokchao WS, Langol RF, Lamdeng, Ningombam, Leimaram, Sadu Chiru, Mahadev and Kanglatombi.

Table 1: Temporal distribution of Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) in Manipur.

Reference:

Ek-Amnuay, P. (2006). Butterflies of Thailand, Vol 2. Bangkok: Baan Lae Suan, 867 pp.

Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society.

Haribal, M (1992). The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History. Gangtok, Sikkim, India: Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation.

Kehimkar, I. (2016). Butterflies of India. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. Pp xii + 528 pp.

Smith, C. (1989). Butterflies of Nepal (Central Himalayas). Craftman Press: Bangkok. 353 pp.

Varshney, R. K. & P. Smetacek. (2015). A synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal and Indinov Publishing, New Delhi, ii + 261 pp., 8 pl.

#15 – Grass Yellow Butterflies [Family Pieridae | Coliadinae] of Manipur, NE India.

By: Jatishwor Singh Irungbam [জাতিস্বর  সিংহ  ইরুঙবাম ]  

The Grass Yellow, is a group of small Pierid butterfly species found in Asia and Africa. They are found flying close to the ground and are found in open grass and scrub habitats. The Grass Yellow’s exhibits seasonal polyphenism.  In India, there are seven species of genus Eurema (Varshney & Smetacek, 2015).

i.                    E. andersoni Moore, 1886 (One-Spot Grass Yellow)

ii.                   E. blanda (Boisduval, 1836) (Three-Spot Grass Yellow)

iii.                  E. brigitta (Stoll, [1780]) (Small Grass Yellow)

iv.                  E. hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Common Grass Yellow)

v.                   E. simulatrix (Semper, 1891) (Scarce Grass Yellow)

vi.                 E. laeta (Boisduval, 1836) (Spotless Grass Yellow)

vii.                E. nilgiriensis Yata, 1990 (Nilgiri Grass Yellow)

During the present survey to document all the butterflies’ fauna of Manipur, the team has recorded thirty-seven species of Pierid butterflies from different parts of Manipur. Of which, five of the species was from Grass Yellow butterflies.

i.         Eurema andersoni jordani Corbet & Pendlebury, 1932 (One-Spot Grass Yellow): The butterfly is about 38-45 mm in wingspan. Dark streaks at apex, single cell spot and a bar at cell end on UNF. Along streak at UNH leading edge stretching towards bar at cell-end, central streaks form a chain-like band (Kehimkar, 2016). The butterfly prefers low elevation forests in the valleys. The butterfly is distributed through Uttarakhand to NE India including West Bengal, Tripura (Varshney & Smetacek, 2015).

In Manipur, the butterfly is very common during March and April and recorded from Nongmaiching RF, Gwarok RF, Keibul Lamjao NP, Yaingangpokpi Lokchao WS and Leimaram. 

ii.       Eurema blanda silhetana   (Wallace,1867) (Three-Spot Grass Yellow): The butterfly is about 40-45 mm in wingspan. The markings on the wings are variable but the three unmistakable black spots are present in the cell of UNF (Kehimkar, 2016). The butterfly prefers forest upto 1,750 m altitudes. The butterfly is distributed through Uttarakhand to NE India (Varshney & Smetacek, 2015). Outside India, the subspecies is distributed in Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, New Guinea and Australia (Smith, 1989; Inayoshi & Sukkit, 2017).

Figure 1: Eurema blanda silhetana   (Wallace,1867) photograph by Jatishwor Irungbam.

In Manipur, the butterfly is common during March and August and recorded from Kongbamaru, Haraorou, Khundrakpam, Utonglok, Nongmaiching RF, Gwarok RF, Yaingangpokpi Lokchao WS, Kamjong, Ukhrul and Leimaram. 

iii.      Eurema brigitta rubella (Wallace, 1867) (Small Grass Yellow): The butterfly is about 30-40 mm in wingspan. The markings on the wings are variable but two small black spots behind cell-end on UNF, Females has broader dark marginal borders on UP. In DSF wing hair-fringe is pink (Kehimkar, 2016). The butterfly prefers forest clearings and can be seen up to 3,660 m at the Himalayas. The butterfly is distributed throughout India including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Varshney & Smetacek, 2015). Outside India, the species flies in Central Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Africa (Smith, 1989).

Figure 2: Eurema brigitta rubella (Wallace, 1867) photograph by Jatishwor Irungbam

In Manipur, the butterfly is common during March and April, and recorded from Langol RF, Nongmaiching RF, Gwarok RF, Yaingangpokpi Lokchao WS and Keibul Lamjao NP. 

iv.      Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Common Grass Yellow): The butterfly is about 40-50 mm in wingspan. The markings on the wings are variable but the UNF has two black spots in the cell, but one or both of these spots may be absent. In DSF UNN of both wings have rusty markings (Kehimkar, 2016). The butterfly prefers forest clearings, habitations and can be seen up to 2,650m at the Himalayas. The butterfly is distributed throughout India including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Varshney & Smetacek, 2015).

Figure 3: Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) photograph by Jatishwor Irungbam

In Manipur, the butterfly is common during March, April and July to October. The butterfly is recorded from Kongbamaru, Lamlai, Leimakhong Mapal, Khundrakpam, Yaiskul, Langol RF, Lamdeng, Singda, Sadu-Chiru, Moreh, Shirui, Litan road, Nongmaiching RF, Gwarok RF and Yaingangpokpi Lokchao WS.

Figure 4: Recorded localities of Eurema hecabe hecabe   (Linnaeus, 1758) in Manipur. Prepared using DIVA-GIS.

v. Eurema laeta sikkima (Moore, [1906]) (Spotless Grass Yellow): The butterfly is about 30-45 mm in wingspan. The UNF markings with a small black spot at cell-end. The females have broader borders on UP. In DSF, FW apex pointed, outer edge sharply cut and straight. UNH densely shaded with brown and pink scales; two straight, darker brown streaks (Kehimkar, 2016). The butterfly prefers scrub and forest clearings habitations and can be seen up to 2,500 m at the Himalayas. The butterfly is distributed through Sikkim to NE Indi, Tripura, West Bengal (Varshney & Smetacek, 2015). Outside India, the subspecies is recorded from Central Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Korea and Japan (Smith, 1989).

Figure 5: Eurema laeta sikkima (Moore, [1906]) photograph by Jatishwor Irungbam.

In Manipur, the butterfly is common during March, April and August to November. The butterfly is recorded from Langol RF, Nongmaiching RF, Leimaram and Yaingangpokpi Lokchao WS.

Table 1: Temporal Distribution of Eurema butterflies in Manipur.

Figure 6: Group congregation of Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) photograph by Jatishwor Irungbam

Data Contributors:
Harmenn Huidrom - Yaiskul Hiruhanba Leikai, Imphal West, Manipur, India [harshuidrom8@gmail.com]
Baleshwor Singh Soibam - Ningombam Mayai Leikai, Imphal West, Manipur, India [balesh1moirangcha@gmail.com]
Ricky Laishram - Botanical Survey of India, Shillong, Meghalaya.
Aomao Ngangom - Matai, Imphal East, Manipur, India [ngangomaomoa@yahoo.com]

Reference:

Inayoshi, Y. & P. Sukkit (2017). A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China. Chiefly from Thailand, Laos & Vietnam. http://yutaka.it-n.jp/index.html [Accessed on 11th October 2017].

Kehimkar, I. (2016). Butterflies of India. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. Pp xii + 528 pp.

Smith, C. (1989). Butterflies of Nepal (Central Himalayas). Craftman Press: Bangkok. 353 pp.

Varshney, R. K. & P. Smetacek. (2015). A synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal and Indinov Publishing, New Delhi, ii + 261 pp., 8 pl.

#14 – Golden Emperor - Dilipa morgiana (Westwood, 1850) [Nymphalidae | Apaturinae | Apaturini]

By: Jatishwor Singh Irungbam

Dilipa morgiana, the Golden Eemperor, is a species of butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. The Genus Dilipa have two species; Dilipa morgiana (Westwood, 1850) which is distributed through India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttaranchal), Nepal, northern Myanmar & Vietnam and Dilipa fenestra (Leech, 1891) which is distributed through E.China, NE.China & Korea (Savela, 2017).

Dilipa morgiana is 53-60 mm to 70–82 mm in wingspan. Adults are rich golden brown with a golden-yellow medial and postdiscal band. UP dark brown to black, with bright golden-orange markings, including FW central cell spot, discal spots below the cell in spaces 2, 1b and 1a, a subapical patch at beyond the space 6 and two dots in space 4 and 5 of FW. HW with a broad discal orange patch from costa to vein 1b. UN pale orange-brown, FW with similar markings to the UP, HW markings are obscure (Ek-Ammuay, 2006). The species is a Himalayan species and not rare in all parts of Himalaya including Nepal (Smith, 1989).

Dilipa morgiana photographed by Baleshwor Soibam from Ukhrul district, Manipur.

There are three generations per year, with adults on wing in March, June and from August to October.

Taxonomic position

Order:     Lepidoptera

Family:  Nymphalidae

Subfamily: Apaturinae

Tribe:     Apaturini

Genus:   Dilipa

Species: morgiana (Westwood, 1850)

Habitat & Habits:

The butterfly prefers Hill forests in the altitude between 1,400 – 2,340 m (Kehimkar, 2016). Strong flier and often attracted to overripe fruits and seen often at damp patches (Kehimkar, 2008).

Food Plants:

Unknown.

Sightings in Manipur:

The butterfly was sighted at Shirui Hills, Ukhrul district during February and March. In Manipur the status of the distribution of the species is unknown. Need further investigation.

References:

Ek-Amnuay, P. (2006). Butterflies of Thailand, Vol 2. Bangkok: Baan Lae Suan, 867 pp.

Kehimkar, I. (2008). The Book of Indian Butterflies. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. 497 pp.

Kehimkar, I. (2016). Butterflies of India. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. Pp xii + 528 pp.

Savela, M (2017). Lepidoptera and some other life forms. [Accessed on 10 October 2017].  http://ftp.funet.fi/index/Tree_of_life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/apaturinae/dilipa/

Smith, C. (1989). Butterflies of Nepal (Central Himalayas). Craftman Press: Bangkok. 353 pp.

The Butterflies of Sadu-Chiru Waterfall: A Preliminary Checklist

By: Jatishwor Singh Irungbam

Sadu Chiru Waterfall:

The waterfall is located at a distance of about 25 kms from the capital city Imphal, Manipur. The waterfall is known as Sadu Chiru Falls or Leimaram Waterfall. The waterfall is located within a forested section at the base of the mountain. The forest is of sub tropical evergreen forest.

Sadu Chiru Falls with tourist during April 2017

Field Trip:

December 2015:

The first trip to Sadu Chiru falls was conducted during December 2015 for a day. Myself and Mr. Baleshwor Soibam were present in the trip. The observation started at around 9 am in the morning and lasted till evening 4 pm. During this period we have observed many species of butterflies flying in and around the falls. We also observed a group of Pieris melete montana puddle on the mud along with Appias lalage and some unknown hesperids near the stream. On this day we have recorded about 27 species of butterflies. We have observed only 1 species of Swallowtail butterfly i.e. Papilio polytes. Most common to this time of the year was Pieridae butterflies.

Mr. Baleshwor photographing butterflies during the trip, December 2015

April 2017:

The second trip to Sadu Chiru falls was conducted during April 2017 for a day. Mr. Harmenn Huidrom, Dr. Zdenek Flatynek Fric and Myself conducted the observation of butterflies around the falls. Most active were the swallowtail butterflies, we have observed about six species of swallowtails Papilio polytes, Papilio helenus, Papilio memnon, Papilio paris, Atrophaneura varuna, Atrophaneura dasarada, etc. Most of the butterflies were seen flying in the shades of the canopy.

Mr. Harmenn and Dr. Fric near Sadu Chiru fall

A complete checklist on the butterflies collected from Sadu Chiru falls are prepared based on this two trips. The checklist consist of 64 butterflies representing 6 families; Hesperiidae (9 sp.), Lycaenidae (10 sp.), Riodinidae (2 sp.), Pieridae (7 sp.), Papilionidae (10 sp.) and Nymphalidae (25 sp.).

Checklist:

Family Hesperiidae

1.      Pelopidas assamensis (de Nicéville, 1882)

Parnara assamensis de Nicéville, 1882; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 51 Pt.II (2-3): 65; TL: Sikkim.

2.      Potanthus trachala (Mabille, 1878)

Pamphila trachala Mabille, 1878; Petites Nouvelles ent. 10 (198): 237; TL: Java.

3.      Polytremis eltola (Hewitson, 1869)

Hesperia eltola Hewitson, 1869; Ill. exot. Butts [5] (Hesperia IV): [104], pl. [52], f. 40; TL: Darjeeling.

4.      Notocrypta feisthamelii (Boisduval, 1832)

Thymele feisthamelii Boisduval, 1832; in d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe (Faune ent. Pacif.) 1: 159, pl. 2, f. 7; TL: Amboina.

5.      Tagiades litigiosa Möschler, 1878

Tagiades litigiosa Möschler, 1878; Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28 (Abh.): 230; TL: Silhet.

6.      Celaenorrhinus patula de Nicéville, 1889

Celaenorrhinus patula de Nicéville, 1889; J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 4 (3): 182, pl. B, f. 4; TL: Sikkim

7.      Celaenorrhinus aurivittata (Moore, 1878)

Plesioneura aurivittata Moore, 1878; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4): 843, pl. 53, f. 2; TL: Above Ahsown

8.      Sarangesa dasahara Moore, [1866]

Sarangesa dasahara Moore, [1866]; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 (3): 787; TL: Bengal

9.      Choaspes benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)

Hesperia benjaminii Guérin-Méneville, 1843; in Delessert, Souvenirs Voy. Inde (2): 79, pl. 22, f. 2; TL: Nilgiris, S.India

Pelopidas assamensis, December 2015

Family Lycaenidae

1.      Catochrysops strabo (Fabricius, 1793)

Hesperia strabo Fabricius, 1793; Ent. Syst. 3 (1): 287, no. 101; TL: "India orientali" [Tranquebar, S.India].

2.      Celastrina argiolus iynteana (de Nicéville, 1884)

Cyaniris iynteana de Nicéville, [1884]; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 52 Pt.II (2/4): 69, pl. 9, f. 7 ♂, 7a ♀; TL: Sikkim.

3.      Leptotes plinius (Fabricius, 1793)

Hesperia plinius Fabricius, 1793; Ent. Syst. 3 (1): 284; TL: "Asia".

4.      Pseudozizeeria maha (Kollar, [1844])

Lycaena maha Kollar, [1844]; in Hügel, Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek 4: 422; TL: Mussoorie

5.      Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)

Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, 1767; Syst. Nat. (Edn 12) 1 (2): 789; TL: Algeria.

6.      Jamides celeno (Cramer, [1775])

Papilio celeno Cramer, [1775]; Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 51, pl. 31, f. C, D; TL: "India"

7.      Jamides alecto (Felder, 1860

Lycaena alecto Felder, 1860; Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40 (11): 456; TL: Ambon

8.      Heliophorus epicles latilimbata Eliot, 1963

Ilerda epicles indicus f. latilimbata Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (12): 49; TL: Sikkim.

9.      Heliophorus brahma (Moore, [1858])

Ilerda brahma Moore, [1858]; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 29, pl. 1a, f. 4.

10.  Rapala pheretima (Hewitson, 1863)

Deudorix pheretima Hewitson, 1863; Ill. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae (1): 21, pl. 9, f. 27-29; TL: Sarawak

Celastrina lavendularis (Moore, 1877)

Family Riodinidae

1.      Abisara fylla Westwood, 1851

2.   Zemeros flegyas Cramer, 1780

Family Pieridae

1.      Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758)

Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 467; TL: Sweden.

2.      Pieris melete montana Verity, 1908

Pieris melete montana Verity, 1908; Rhopalocera Palaearctica 1: 141, pl. 31, f. 20-21

3.      Pieris canidia (Linnaeus, 1768)

Papilio canidia Linnaeus, 1768; in Sparrman, Amoenit. acad., 7 (150): 504n; TL: S.China.

4.      Appias lalage (Doubleday, 1842)

Pieris lalage Doubleday, 1842; in Gray, Zool. Miscell.: 76; TL: Khasi Hills.

5.      Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836)

Terias blanda Boisduval, 1836; Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 672; TL: Java.

6.      Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758)

Papilio hecabe Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 470; TL: S.China, Hong Kong.

7.      Delias acalis pyramus (Wallace,1867)

Thyca pyramus Wallace, 1867; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 4 (3): 347; TL: N.India

Pieris melete montana and Appias lalage, mud puddling, December 2015

Family Papilionidae

1.      Lamproptera meges (Zinken, 1831)

Papilio meges Zinken, 1831; Nova Acta physico-med. [Leop. Carol.] 15 (1): 161, pl. 15, f. 8

2.      Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758

Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 460; TL: S.China

3.      Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758

Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 459; TL: Canton, China

4.      Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836

Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836; Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 210; TL: Java

5.      Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758

Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 460; TL: Asia

6.      Papilio paris Linnaeus, 1758

Papilio paris Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 459; TL: Canton, China

7.      Papilio bianor Cramer, [1777]

Papilio bianor Cramer, [1777]; Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9-16): 10; TL: Kanton, China

8.      Atrophaneura varuna (White, 1842)

Papilio varuna White, 1842; Entomologist 1: 280; TL: Penang, Malaya

9.      Atrophaneura aidoneus (Doubleday, 1845)

Papilio aidoneus Doubleday, 1845; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (1) 16 (104): 178; TL: Himalaya

10.  Atrophaneura dasarada (Moore, 1857)

Papilio dasarada Moore, 1857; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 96; TL: Cherra Punji

Papilio polytes 

Family Nymphalidae

1.      Parantica melaneus (Cramer, [1775])

Papilio melaneus Cramer, [1775]; Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 48, pl. 30, f. D; TL: 'Coromandel' [error] & China [?Canton].

2.      Cethosia biblis (Drury, [1773])

Papilio biblis Drury, [1773]; Illust. Nat. Hist. Exot. Insects 1: 9, pl. 4, f. 2 (& Index).

3.      Pseudergolis wedah Kollar, 1844

4.      Stibochiona nicea nicea Gray, 1846

5.      Elymnias malelas (Hewitson, 1863)

Melanitis malelas Hewitson, 1863; Ill. exot. Butts [4] (Melanitis): [70], pl. [36], f. 6-7; TL: "Bengal"

6.      Junonia orithya (Linnaeus, 1758)

Papilio orithya Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 473; TL: S.China

7.      Junonia iphita (Cramer, [1779])

Papilio iphita Cramer, [1779]; Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17-21): 30, pl. 209, f. C, D; TL: China.

8.      Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763)

Papilio atlites Linnaeus, 1763; Amoenitates Acad. 6: 407; TL: "Asia" [? Canton]

9.      Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758)

Papilio almana Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 472; TL: Canton, China

10.  Symbrenthia lilaea (Hewitson, 1864)

Laogona lilaea Hewitson, 1864; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2 (3): 246, pl. 15, f. 5-6; TL: East Indies [error]

A mating pair of  Symbrenthia lilaea, December 2015

11.  Lethe sinorix (Hewitson, 1863)

Debis sinorix Hewitson, 1863; Ill. exot. Butts [4] (Debis II-III): [38], pl. [20], f. 19-20; TL: East India

12.  Lethe rohria (Fabricius, 1787)

Papilio rohria Fabricius, 1787; Mantissa Insectorum 2: 45; TL: S.India

13.  Lethe verma sintica Fruhstrofer

14.  Melanitis zitenius (Herbst, 1796)

Papilio zitenius Herbst, 1796; in Jablonsky, Naturs. Schmett. 8: p. [5]; TL: India, East coast north of Coromandel

15.  Melanitis phedima (Cramer, [1780])

Papilio phedima Cramer, [1780]; Uitl. Kapellen 4 (25-26a): 8, pl. 292, f. B; TL: Java

16.  Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758)

Papilio leda Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 474

17.  Sumalia daraxa (Doubleday, [1848])

Limenitis daraxa Doubleday, [1848]; Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): pl. 34, f. 4; TL: Sylhet

18.  Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771)

Papilio sappho Pallas, 1771; Reise Russ. Reich. 1: 471; TL: Russia [Volga]

19.  Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758)

Papilio hylas Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 486; TL: China

20.  Neptis nata Moore, [1858] ??

Neptis nata Moore, [1858]; in Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. Mus. East India Coy 1: 168, pl. 4a, f. 6; TL: Borneo

21.  Neptis clinia susruta Moore 1872

Neptis clinia Moore, 1872; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1872 (2): 563, pl. 32, f. 5; TL: "Bengal" [error, = Andaman I.]

22.  Hestinalis nama (Doubleday,1844)

Diadema nama Doubleday, 1844; List. lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 97

23.  Euploea mulciber mulciber (Cramer,1777)

Papilio mulciber Cramer, [1777]; Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9-16): 45, pl. 127, f. C, D; TL: E coast of S.India

24.  Athyma orientalis Elwes,1888

Athyma orientalis Elwes, 1888; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1888: 354, pl. 9, f. 4; TL: Sikkim?

25.  Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar,1844)

Atella sinha Kollar, [1844]; in Hügel, Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek 4: 438

Author information:

Jatishwor  IRUNGBAM, M.Sc.

Doctoral Student

Biology Centre CAS

Institute of Entomology

&

Faculty of Science

University of South Bohemia

Branišovská 31

CZ - 37005 České Budějovice

Czech Republic

CZ Phone: +420-723 770 279

Email: irungj00@prf.jcu.cz or j.irungbam@entu.cas.cz

http://www.entu.cas.cz/en/staff/profile/17938/

http://www.bhutanbutterflies.org/